Author Archives: BUGGING YOU FROM San Juan Island

Culex territans, the Northern Frog Biting Mosquito

Watch and you’ll see this incredibly amazing association. This is Culex territans, the Northern Frog Biting Mosquito. Culex territans is found in a wide variety of habitats, but is most commonly associated with freshwater marshes, bogs, and ponds or streams with emergent vegetation.

Culex territans prefers feeding on cold blooded animals (amphibians and reptiles), but feeds most frequently on Anurans (frogs and toads). Here you see the mosquito feeding on a Pacific Tree Frog (Pseudacris regilla). The MOST interesting thing about this species is that females find their amphibian hosts via phonotaxis. This means they find their host via acoustics. They utilize the frog vocalizations to locate these animals for bloodmeals (Bartlett-Healy et al., 2008b). Mosquitoes can hear! 🦟🦻🏻

Location: San Juan Island, WA
ID: Culex territans (my ID confirmed by UF mosquito expert, Lawrence Reeves)
More info.: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1394

References and Further Reading

Barnhart, Max. 2023. A male mosquito’s hairy ears tune into mates. New research suggests we can stop that. Goats and Soda. Stories of Life in a Changing World. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/08/18/1194390459/hairy-ears-of-male-mosquitoes-help-them-find-the-ladies-can-we-disrupt-their-hea#:~:text=It’s%20true!,waves%20pass%20through%20the%20air.

Bartlett-Healy,K. Wayne Crans, Randy Gaugler. 2008. Phonotaxis to Amphibian Vocalizations in Culex territans (Diptera: Culicidae), Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 101 (1) 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2008)101[95:PTAVIC]2.0.CO;2

Bhosale, Chanakya R., Burkett-Cadena, N.D., Mathias, D.K., 2023.  NORTHERN FROG BITING MOSQUITO CULEX TERRITANS (WALKER 1856) (INSECTA: DIPTERA: CULICIDAE). UF IFAS Extension PUBLICATION #EENY-803. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1394 

Bugguide.net. 2023. Culex territans. Iowa State university Extension. https://bugguide.net/node/view/60953

Hoover Pantoja-Sánchez, Brian C. Leavell, Bianca Rendon, W. A. Priyanka P. de-Silva, Richa Singh, Jian Zhou, Gil Menda, Ronald R. Hoy, Ronald N. Miles, Neil D. Sanscrainte, Ximena E. Bernal; Tiny spies: mosquito antennae are sensitive sensors for eavesdropping on frog calls. J Exp Biol 15 December 2023; 226 (24): jeb245359. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.245359

McIver SB. 1969. Notes on the biology of Culex territans Walker. Mosquito News 29: 135 -136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1969.tb02823.

Megasemum asperum, a Cerambycid Beetle

Here is a new-to-me Cerambycid (longhorn) beetle. I haven’t added one of these to my photo collection in the 15 years I’ve lived on San Juan Island, so note here that they are “UNCOMMON” and not populous in number.

This species is the only one in its genus in North America. It is Megasemum asperum. I see in perusing iNaturalist.org that there have been 67 reported observations dating back to 2007.

Location: San Juan Island, WA

ID: Megasemum asperum

From Bugguide.net

Size: 18-25mm

Season: July to August (this is when you could see an adult)

Numbers: a single species in the New World & in NE Asia

It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1854

From Beetles of Western North America – “Larvae mine Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and fir (Abies). Adults are attracted to lights during the summer. Found in coniferous forests of western North America,” (Dr. Art Evans, entomologist, 2021).

Your take away message – NOT a pest. NOT a tree killer. NATIVE species! Performs important recycling of nutrients role in ecosystems allowing regeneration in our forests. Appreciate Biodiversity.

Thanks for reading!

Bubbles

Well, this little fly got my attention yesterday. We had a contest. The fly bet it could outlast my grip on my phone as I took video of the bubble blowing. We called a tie somewhere around the 4 minute mark when my hand was shaking and I was about to drop my phone. The fly, quite satisfied with its performance, waltzed about on the mint leaf and posed for a few still photos, after I got the blood flowing into my hand again.

This is a Black Blow Fly (Phormia regina) in the family Calliphoridae. These flies are found ranging throughout North America, Eurasia, and Hawaii. They are a species of importance in the science of Forensics. Blow flies are attracted to dung and carrion, and when found on a corpse, they can be used to estimate time of death. The larvae or maggots of sterile blow flies are also used in the cleaning of wounds, removing decaying flesh and secreting antimicrobial peptides as they feed (Díaz-Roa et. al. 2018). Occasionally, they can contribute to secondary myiasis “fly-strike” of wounds in livestock, wildlife, and pets.

Phormia regina Fly – San Juan Island, WA 07.11.2024

Why is the fly blowing bubbles? It’s not black bubblegum. I’m not sure why the bubbles were black in color. Perhaps something to do with what the fly had been eating. The fly is blowing bubbles to cool down and it’s actually called BUBBLING. Take a look at Ray Cannon’s Nature Notes and you’ll learn it’s part of an evaporative process where the fly moves a droplet of fluid in and out and of their buccopharyngeal cavity over and again before eventually swallowing it (Gomes et al., 2018, Cannon, R. 2020).

Phormia regina Fly – San Juan Island, WA 07.11.2024

Flies aren’t the only group that practices bubbling. Various species of Hymenoptera also use this method to cool themselves and also to evaporate the excess water from the food (nectar) they’ve consumed (Portman et. al. 2021).

Thanks for stopping by!

References and Further Reading

Cannon, Ray. 2020. Flies Blowing Bubbles. Ray Cannon’s Nature Notes. https://rcannon992.com/2020/09/07/flies-blowing-bubbles/

Díaz-Roa A, Patarroyo MA, Bello FJ, Da Silva PI Jr. 2018. Sarconesin: Sarconesiopsis magellanica Blowfly Larval Excretions and Secretions With Antibacterial Properties. Front Microbiol. Sep 28;9:2249. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02249. PMID: 30323791; PMCID: PMC6172317. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6172317/

Gomes, G., Köberle, R., Von Zuben, C. J., & Andrade, D. V. 2018. Droplet bubbling evaporatively cools a blowfly. Scientific reports8 (1), 1-7.

Murray, T. 2023. Species Phormia regina – Black Blow Fly. Bugguide. https://bugguide.net/node/view/53678

Portman, Z., Ascher, J. & Cariveau, D. 2021. Nectar concentrating behavior by bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila). Apidologie 52, 1169–1194. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13592-021-00895-1

Know Your Pest Predators – Make Friends with Eudioctria sackeni

Eudioctria sackeni Robber Fly

This is one of my favorite garden residents (Eudioctria sackeni), or the Sacken Longhorn Robber. I remember the first time I saw one of these, I thought, “Wow, it’s an Ombre Fly!” If you didn’t know, “ombre” means the blending of one particular color hue to another, often from light tints to dark. The coloration in this particular fly is distinctly “ombre,” though it varies in individuals within the species.

Eudioctria flies are in the family group, Asilidae or Robber flies. They are voracious predators of small insects that can be pests of gardens and orchards. Here, you see this one enjoying a small dipteran (fly) of some variety, perched on the leaf of one of my mint plants. The mint is a popular scouting platform. On any given day in the summer, I’ll see 4 or 5 of these flies in a six foot strip of mint which has become quite abundant in the yard over the past few years. The mint seems to be quite attractive to pollinators, and it also provides shelter for other bugs and critters. Our little tree frogs love to sit in the mint too.

Reference and further reading

Species Eudioctria sackeni – Sacken Longhorn Robber. BugGuide. https://bugguide.net/node/view/60617

What’s Biting Me? Episode ONE, San Juan Sniper

I’m going to start a new bug series called “What’s Biting Me?”  

I’m starting this series because I have such bad reactions to bug bites in general, and I’m exasperated when people blame mosquitoes and spiders for everything.  Also, if you’re one of those who is tired of it getting crowded here in the San Juans, feel free to share this with anyone who is thinking about moving here – or with anyone you WISH would move off the island.   Maybe they’ll decide to live somewhere else.   😉


Epidode ONE, the San Juan Sniper

This is one of the Rocky Mountain Bite Flies (Symphoromyia sp.).  It’s a Snipe fly in the family Family Rhagionidae, and it bit my husband today.   Those are NOT my hairy legs.  They’re my husband’s.  

Rocky Mountain Bite Flies (Symphoromyia sp)

After getting some pictures, I went inside to look up what information I could find about the Genus and narrow down what species are in WA state. In doing so, I came across this interesting, and disturbing medical case report of a woman who had a severe allergic reaction to the bites of these flies.  Now this was in the 70’s, in Forks, WA, but if this fly had bitten ME instead of my husband, it’s very likely I’d be the next case write up.  

Rocky Mountain Bite Flies (Symphoromyia sp)

Attaching the paper in the link here if you care to read it.  The woman could have D-I-E-D from anaphylactic shock.  

You’ve been warned.  

No worries, just stay indoors and you’ll avoid being bitten by the San Juan Sniper.  


Symphoromyia Genus

Size: 4.7-9mm

Food: Females of some species of this genus are blood feeders. Symphoromyia females are common biting pests in the west. Males do not take blood meals. Both adults and larvae will prey on small insects.  

Habitat: Adults are commonly found in woods near moist places, often found on foliage or grass, positioned with head resting head downward. Larvae occur in moist meadow soil, moss, decaying wood (incl. galleries of wood-boring insects), under bark, occasionally in water (bug guide.net).

References and Further Reading

Aldrich, J. M. 1905. A Catalogue of North American Diptera. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 46:680.

Bowser, Matt. 2017. Refuge Notebook: The bad biter par excellence. Peninsula Clarion. https://www.peninsulaclarion.com/life/refuge-notebook-the-bad-biter-par-excellence/#:~:text=Very%20little%20research%20has%20been,not%20known%20to%20transmit%20disease.

Bugguide.net. Family Rhagionidae (Snipe Flies). https://bugguide.net/node/view/116

Kerr, Peter H. 2004. REVISION OF THE GENERA OF THE RHAGIONIDAE OF THE WORLD (DIPTERA: BRACHYCERA). Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation. University of Maryland, College Park. https://drum.lib.umd.edu/items/7f964daf-76bd-467e-ac36-18a523ac5e5a

Turner WJ. A case of severe human allergic reaction to bites of Symphoromyia (Diptera: Rhagionidae). J Med Entomol. 1979 Feb 8;15(2):138-9. doi: 10.1093/jmedent/15.2.138. PMID: 448692 https://www.tesble.com/10.1093/jmedent/15.2.138

Apical Prominent moth (Clostera apicalis)

I had my moth light up last night and found a handful of specimens still hanging out this morning at 06:30 when I got up, grabbed my coffee and went to check the station since the birds tend to start counting my specimens if I don’t beat them to the job. The problem with the birds counting is they EAT as they count. It’s even more irritating when the Yellowjackets are competing for tally rights.


Here’s a moth that was new to me. This is the Apical Prominent moth (Clostera apicalis). It is in the family Notodontidae (Prominent Moths),Subfamily Pygaerinae.

Clostera apicalis uses birch, poplar, and willow as host plants for larval development and sometimes the larvae form communal nests woven of silk threads.

The geographic range of this species is recorded from the northeastern and western U.S., across Canada, and north into the Northwest Territories. In the North, the species is univoltine ( one generation per year), and in the south, bivoltine (two generations per year). You will find adults flying from the months of May to August and larvae developing in August and September.

References

Bugguide.net https://bugguide.net/node/view/25181

North American Moth Photographers Group http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/species.php?hodges=7901

Thanks for stopping by!

Where ARE all the pollinators?

Yellowish Cuckoo Bumble Bee (Bombus flavidus)

Lots of folks are asking, “Where are the pollinators?”  I’m getting comments and questions about the absence of bees.  Should we be concerned? Probably.

It’s been a weird spring/summer with lots of temperature fluctuations.  That impacts when things bloom and what food is available.  Bumble bees can fly when the temperatures are lower and I did see and hear them when our Golden Chain tree was in full bloom about two weeks ago.   They may be on other blooming florals right now – like blackberries.  If you have Catmint (Nepeta), Lavender, and Tomatoes or Nasturtiums about, the bumble bees should find these in another week or so.   Usually I see them on Foxglove (Digitalis) and also in our Rhododendrons, but Foxglove is biennial and we don’t have any blooming this year, and I believe the Rhododendrons are already done blooming for the season.

In general though, I am noticing an overall decline in abundance of many insect species.  We have two above ground, freshwater pools for water catchment and in years past, there have been lots and lots of insects needing rescue because they fell in and couldn’t get out.  I was skimming bugs twice a day and this year, I might have found 4 or 5 needing rescue.  That’s 4 or 5 total – when I used to find 20-30 floating in the morning.

That said, there are a few species where populations seem quite abundant.  I’ve found lots of the tiny and very cute Broom Seed Beetles (Genus Bruchidius) everywhere in the yard.   If you see these little black peppercorn-sized beetles, they are friends (a biocontrol for scotch broom).  

Broom seed beetles on Nasturtium

So, is the overall decline in invertebrate populations because of climate change or something else?  I think the decline of invertebrate species is due to a multitude of factors:  habitat loss due to land use changes, weather fluctuations/climate change, introduction of pathogens as species move into previously unoccupied territory (due to climate shifts), but especially from pollution and contamination by all the products we use. These are additive and include anything and everything that leaves trace residues behind.   It’s multifactorial and complex.  Humans and our practices are altering ecosystems.  

How to help?  I don’t have any great answers.  Can the few who actually care initiate changes and change the minds of the masses of people who don’t care and don’t want to change?  Our education system isn’t helping.  We continue to promote attitudes (even as adults who should know better) that evoke fear responses around insects, spiders, (and don’t even get me started on snakes) in our children.  Instead of teaching children about ecology, biology, and life sciences, we shriek when we see a spider or a roach or mosquito and grab the can of raid.   We want to garden and seek out gardening advice, but historically, even the extension communities have been pretty un-environmental in their approach to insects.  For that matter, most of our Land Grant Universities’ agricultural and entomology  departments have been funded by the large agrochemical industry.  They have promoted use of pesticides over cultural practices.  The agrochemical industry makes tons of pesticides that are applied all over the world every year.  It’s a huge part of our economy.  MONEY trumps nature.

My advice? Be curious about what you are using.  Learn about ecology and food webs.  OBSERVE nature.  Investigate where your food comes from.  When you buy garden or landscape plants, ask the company about what practices they are using to grow these plants.  Choose native plants for landscaping.  Look around your home and read the labels on what products you are using – especially for any products going down the drain.   If you have pets, look up the ingredients on the products you use for treating fleas and ticks.  Flea and tick treatments have neonicotinoids that are excreted in urine and poo.  Ask your vet about alternatives. We all need to think about the implications of this.  Neonicotinoids are killing our pollinators and other invertebrates.  

References and further reading

Bonmatin JM, Giorio C, Girolami V, Goulson D, Kreutzweiser DP, Krupke C, Liess M, Long E, Marzaro M, Mitchell EA, Noome DA, Simon-Delso N, Tapparo A. 2015. Environmental fate and exposure; neonicotinoids and fipronil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. Jan;22(1):35-67. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3332-7. Epub 2014 Aug 7. PMID: 25096486; PMCID: PMC4284396. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25096486/

Webb DT, Zhi H, Kolpin DW, Klaper RD, Iwanowicz LR, LeFevre GH. 2021. Emerging investigator series: municipal wastewater as a year-round point source of neonicotinoid insecticides that persist in an effluent-dominated stream. Environ Sci Process Impacts. May 26;23(5):678-688. doi: 10.1039/d1em00065a. PMID: 33889902; PMCID: PMC8159912. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8159912/

University of Sussex. 2020. Pesticides commonly used as flea treatments for pets are contaminating English rivers. ScienceDaily. 17 November http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/11/201117085940.htm https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/11/201117085940.htm#:~:text=Researchers%20at%20the%20University%20of,far%20exceeded%20accepted%20safe%20limits

Beyond Pesticides. 2018. Victory! State Finds Imidacloprid Insecticide Too Risky For Use in Willapa Bay. Daily News Blog. https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2018/04/victory-imidacloprid-risky-use-sensitive-bay-permit-request-denied/

Beyond Pesticides. 2017. Poisoned Waterways. https://www.beyondpesticides.org/assets/media/documents/bp-37.1-PoisonedWaterways-cited2.pdf

Mitten feet

This is one of my “Know your pest predators” posts, featuring one of our PNW flies. Flies are all too often maligned and under-appreciated. We think of flies as spreading disease and being a nuisance, yet many of them perform incredibly important jobs as pollinators and pest predators. Yesterday I was sleuthing flies in the yard and found these metallic green beauties. Here is a Dolichopus (“doe-LICK-uh-pus”) male and female. The “dolicho-“ part means “long”, and the “-pus/-pod” part means “leg” or “foot.”

Some species of Dolichopus males (like this one) have little “flags ” or “mitten” front feet they wave or flap around to woo the ladies. Reading about this very large group of flies has been interesting and you can learn more about their courtship behaviors in Van DuZee et al. (1921).

Dolichopus sp. male fly

These flies are predators of small, soft-bodied invertebrates as adults and during their larval stage. You can thank them for helping keep populations of aphids under control in your garden.

Dolichopus sp. fly (male)

You’ll find these flies in northern latitudes in North America. “Dolichopus species are among the largest and most common members of the family Dolichopodidae in North America. The majority of Dolichopus species prefer humid habitats and some are restricted to saltmarshes,” (Pollet et al. 2004).



References:

MARC A.A. POLLET, SCOTT E. BROOKS, JEFFREY M. CUMMING. 2004. “CATALOG OF THE DOLICHOPODIDAE (DIPTERA) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO,” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 283, 1-114,

Van Duzee, M. C., Cole, Fr R., and Aldrich, John Merton. 1921. “The dipterous genus Dolichopus Latreille in North America.” Bulletin of the United States National Museum. i–vi, 1-304, 16 pls. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.116.i

Key to male nearctic Dolichopus species here – https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/5c3c75c8-27ae-47e6-acac-59ec0c30d1cb/full

The Owl (and others)

Today was a day of bird encounters. I saw our poor little cowbird that can’t fly because he’s been injured (likely by our neighbor’s marauding outdoor cat). He’s survived three nights so far even though he seems to have a wing injury and I haven’t figured out yet if I can capture him to check. He’s had his little mate following him around.

Cowbird male

I know it’s a cowbird and cowbirds are brood parasites, but they are actually quite beautiful little birds and I feel sympathy for wildlife that are impacted by our human “pets.” It isn’t fair and we should do much better to keep our pets under control. I don’t know what my response would be if I see this cat attacking our Tanager or one of the Grosbeaks. It is doing what cats do and the problem isn’t the cat, but the owner who evidently doesn’t care and is probably too lazy to clean a litter box and play with the cat and keep it inside. Ok. So, I vented. Sigh…

I was going out to take a walk in nature to unwind when I heard a sad little thunk on our window. We have Acopian Bird Savers https://www.birdsavers.com/make-your-own/ on the largest window, but not the smaller one. That’s gonna change. I’m going to put them on ALL our windows.

Well, I looked out and saw a tiny little nuthatch on the ground, on its back, mouth open, but it was breathing. I ran out to pick it up and when I scooped that little creature into my hand, its feet wrapped around my finger so tightly that I felt hopeful. It was a newly fledged nuthatch. I sat with it quietly in the shade under the suet feeder, my hand stretched out onto my knee into a little cup shape.

The bird closed its eyes and slept a bit. I talked to it very very softly. An adult nuthatch landed on the feeder above, eyeing me cautiously. I believe it was the parent. I spoke to the adult too, trying to convey my earnest intent not to harm her child. The little one blinked and looked about. Then it closed its eyes and slept a bit again. The parent flew over to the fruitless cherry tree to another feeder, then off, I expect to feed another hungry mouth.

After a good 15 minutes, the little nuthatch was much more alert. It kept eyeing the suet feeder and the adult bird that returned again and again. I rose slowly from sitting, carefully supporting the little one – still gripping my finger. Raising my arm, I chose a small branch just beside the suet feeder and in a breath, the little one hopped off my finger and onto the new perch.

The adult nuthatch flew onto a nearby branch and I saw the fledgling flutter its little wings like baby birds do to get their parents’ attention to be fed. In another breath, it was airborne, flying after the parent. I was so grateful for a happy end to that incident.

My walk down our road was uneventful for the most part. I did see a Clown millipede (Harpahe crossing the wetland area and squatted down to observe its somewhat awkward, but systematic locomotion. It almost looks suspended in motion over the ground. After making sure it was safely out of harm’s way and not in a car path, I continued on.

(Harpahe hayadienana) Clown millipede

My destination was the “soon to open officially” nature preserve. I have walked on this property for about 10 years now. It is an amazing place.

Giant cedars tower overhead through the wetland. Along the seasonal stream, the path I took meanders amidst the primordial assortment of ferns, swamp lanterns, and horsetail. There are creatures there in the forest. If you see them, you will leave feeling a sense of awe.

Twinflowers on the forest floor

Red legged frogs, salamanders, and newts make their homes in the wetland. They dine on the myriad of invertebrates that live in the stream and mud. On the forest floor, you’ll find Night-stalking tiger beetles (Omus dejeanii) with fierce jaws hunting for prey. If you’re really really lucky, you might see the burgundy metallic carabid beetle (Zacotus matthewsii) that I’ve only seen less than a handful of times in the past decade. Overhead, you’ll hear the family of ravens that have a nearby nest. Always in the same place.

Northern Red-legged Frog Rana aurora
Greater Night Stalking Tiger Beetle (Omus dejeanii)
Zacotus matthewsii

The hawks hunt in a small clearing where the stream attracts other animals that come for a drink. There are other birds hidden too. Flycatchers nesting in rotting snags, Pileated Woodpeckers drilling after carpenter ants. And the owl.

The owl has been there for a long time. You can hear it calling in the night – “Who Cooks for You?” It was wonderful before there were too many houses. Now, it is harder and harder to hear the owl over the din of barking dogs. In the woods though, the owl has a baby.

I heard it calling the other day. Screeching is more like it. I heard the noise before saw them. The mother owl was watching me cautiously from high above. A snake dangled from her mouth. In spite of this, I heard her utter sounds of caution to her child. She flew over to feed it as I quietly backed out of the area. I did not want to disrupt them and when I walk, I try always to remember that I am entering the home of others. I walk quietly and respect their spaces.

Momma owl with snake

Today, when I walked back to the place of the owl, I heard the baby again. It was calling repeatedly, but mom was nowhere to be seen. Again, I backed away quietly, hoping the owl was able to find food for her little one. They must hunt through the day and not only at night in order to rear their offspring.

I thought of the owl as I walked back to the trailhead and then I momentarily became distracted as I reached the site where I’d been poking around in a raccoon carcass on the trail. There are some very cool bugs that you find in carrion. Unfortunately, the remains were not to be found.

Stepping off the trail to look in the underbrush for any sign of the carcass, I heard a flutter overhead. I looked up and she was there. It was the mother owl.

She landed on a branch right in front of me. I was too dumbfounded to move. We stayed like that for what seemed like a very long minute. She gazed at me and I watched her in turn, not daring to blink. There was no threat. I felt like she knew me.

The robins were not happy and began to flail at her, creating a cacophony of rebuke. She ignored them. I slowly brought my phone around and took a video of her. She just looked at me.

Then she looked around, gazing through the forest at things unseen. After about five minutes, she reoriented her body, turning away from me, surveying the surrounding area. With a glance back at me, she flew away.

This encounter is why saving spaces for WILDLIFE is so incredibly important to me. These places should belong to them. When we visit a preserve, remember that. It is their home.

I hope others will reflect on what I’ve shared, and maybe there will be one less person who lets their dog off leash or one less person who throws trash onto the forest floor. Think about the creatures that call these places home. Walk softly and be respectful of their need and struggle to survive in ever-shrinking spaces.

Thank you for reading. Support Conservation. Save Spaces for Nature.

Bird notes 🎶

Something happened in the yard yesterday afternoon. We have a fruitless cherry tree in a cage that I didn’t plant. At least I think it’s a fruitless cherry tree. It sort of popped up on its own.

In the beginning, I didn’t really want it there, so I cut it down – a few times. It kept coming back, intent on sticking around. A couple of years ago, I just stopped trying to get rid of it. I even put a little cage around it. That was actually for the juncos that built a nest in the grass below that little tree though, to keep them safe from the mower.

Aside from me personally whacking it down a few times, the little tree has suffered other adversities. It has been attacked by cherry slugs (sawfly larvae). They ate its leaves.

Sawfly larva or Cherry Slug

It has had a few tent caterpillars munching too. One year that it was super dry, it lost its leaves and I thought it was dead. Only it came back again. I started to pay more attention to this little tree, even watering it in the summer. It’s not very tall, but this year it looks more healthy than ever before.

Last year, I noticed in the spring that it put out these cool little red bumps on the stem just above the leaf.

extrafloral nectaries
Formica ascerva ant at extrafloral nectaries

Those little bumps soon had little red and black ants visiting. I learned the red bumps are extrafloral nectaries. They produce nectar that attracts pollinators to the tree. I haven’t seen any flowers, so I’m not sure what would be pollinated. Maybe the tree isn’t old enough yet. I’m still learning. I sure need to figure out if I’m right that it’s a fruitless cherry.

Well, the other thing that is interesting is shortly after the little red bumps attract the red and black ants, there are little black aphids. I’ve seen this for 2 years in a row now. The ants tend those little aphid flocks like sheep. They are guarding them in exchange for the sugary honey dew the aphids produce.

The aphids and the ants seem to multiply. I have seen 2 or 3 ants per leaf with aphids. Not all the leaves have aphids, but maybe 1/3 of the tree does, and each guarded by the ants. The ants are Formica ascerva species.

They are interesting in their own right because aside from guarding the “sheep,” they also are fierce warriors, driving away (and killing) the large Camponotus sp. carpenter ants that try to invade every spring.

This colony of Formica ants lives under a bedroom of our home. They are welcome to stay since they don’t eat wood.

Today, when I looked out the window though, I saw something challenging the fearsome Formica ants. There were birds inside the tree caging and they were hungrily pecking and even tearing at the leaves with aphids. I grabbed and clumsily set up my camera to video the scene.

Birds attacking aphids farmed by Formica ascerva ants

I saw finches first, then there was a chickadee, and even a hummingbird. I thought I saw bumble bees, but they wouldn’t have been eating the aphids. Perhaps they were visiting the extrafloral nectaries or maybe even sipping honeydew produced by the aphids, but I wasn’t close enough to be certain.

Afterwards, I went out to survey the damage. I saw one leaf with lots of shreds. Aphid parts scattered about. Ants wandering somewhat aimlessly. Another leaf had an ant that died courageously in battle protecting his little flock.

I wanted to share my observations with you because a lot of folks really dislike aphids. Others also dislike ants and don’t understand their role in nature’s ecosystems. Maybe this will help others to understand there are a lot of hungry birds that eat aphids (and ants). Without them, the birds might not find enough food to feed their nestlings. It’s all part of the cycle of life.

If you see aphids your garden that you are worried about, you can mitigate some of their feeding damage by hanging a hummingbird feeder nearby. The hummingbirds have to have protein along with all that carbohydrate sugar water and they will most certainly find your aphids delicious. In fact, insects and spiders make up about 85 % of the diet of hummingbirds. Birds need bugs. And not all ants are pests. Some are extremely beneficial. I challenge you to take up bird and bug watching. You will not be disappointed!

Thanks for reading!

Below are more images of the birds feeding on the aphids inside the caged tree.

References and further reading

Bentley, B. L. (1977). Extrafloral Nectaries and Protection by Pugnacious Bodyguards. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics8, 407–427. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096735

Bugguide. 2024. Formica Ascerva. https://bugguide.net/node/view/497956

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