Category Archives: Uncategorized

The Owl (and others)

Today was a day of bird encounters. I saw our poor little cowbird that can’t fly because he’s been injured (likely by our neighbor’s marauding outdoor cat). He’s survived three nights so far even though he seems to have a wing injury and I haven’t figured out yet if I can capture him to check. He’s had his little mate following him around.

Cowbird male

I know it’s a cowbird and cowbirds are brood parasites, but they are actually quite beautiful little birds and I feel sympathy for wildlife that are impacted by our human “pets.” It isn’t fair and we should do much better to keep our pets under control. I don’t know what my response would be if I see this cat attacking our Tanager or one of the Grosbeaks. It is doing what cats do and the problem isn’t the cat, but the owner who evidently doesn’t care and is probably too lazy to clean a litter box and play with the cat and keep it inside. Ok. So, I vented. Sigh…

I was going out to take a walk in nature to unwind when I heard a sad little thunk on our window. We have Acopian Bird Savers https://www.birdsavers.com/make-your-own/ on the largest window, but not the smaller one. That’s gonna change. I’m going to put them on ALL our windows.

Well, I looked out and saw a tiny little nuthatch on the ground, on its back, mouth open, but it was breathing. I ran out to pick it up and when I scooped that little creature into my hand, its feet wrapped around my finger so tightly that I felt hopeful. It was a newly fledged nuthatch. I sat with it quietly in the shade under the suet feeder, my hand stretched out onto my knee into a little cup shape.

The bird closed its eyes and slept a bit. I talked to it very very softly. An adult nuthatch landed on the feeder above, eyeing me cautiously. I believe it was the parent. I spoke to the adult too, trying to convey my earnest intent not to harm her child. The little one blinked and looked about. Then it closed its eyes and slept a bit again. The parent flew over to the fruitless cherry tree to another feeder, then off, I expect to feed another hungry mouth.

After a good 15 minutes, the little nuthatch was much more alert. It kept eyeing the suet feeder and the adult bird that returned again and again. I rose slowly from sitting, carefully supporting the little one – still gripping my finger. Raising my arm, I chose a small branch just beside the suet feeder and in a breath, the little one hopped off my finger and onto the new perch.

The adult nuthatch flew onto a nearby branch and I saw the fledgling flutter its little wings like baby birds do to get their parents’ attention to be fed. In another breath, it was airborne, flying after the parent. I was so grateful for a happy end to that incident.

My walk down our road was uneventful for the most part. I did see a Clown millipede (Harpahe crossing the wetland area and squatted down to observe its somewhat awkward, but systematic locomotion. It almost looks suspended in motion over the ground. After making sure it was safely out of harm’s way and not in a car path, I continued on.

(Harpahe hayadienana) Clown millipede

My destination was the “soon to open officially” nature preserve. I have walked on this property for about 10 years now. It is an amazing place.

Giant cedars tower overhead through the wetland. Along the seasonal stream, the path I took meanders amidst the primordial assortment of ferns, swamp lanterns, and horsetail. There are creatures there in the forest. If you see them, you will leave feeling a sense of awe.

Twinflowers on the forest floor

Red legged frogs, salamanders, and newts make their homes in the wetland. They dine on the myriad of invertebrates that live in the stream and mud. On the forest floor, you’ll find Night-stalking tiger beetles (Omus dejeanii) with fierce jaws hunting for prey. If you’re really really lucky, you might see the burgundy metallic carabid beetle (Zacotus matthewsii) that I’ve only seen less than a handful of times in the past decade. Overhead, you’ll hear the family of ravens that have a nearby nest. Always in the same place.

Northern Red-legged Frog Rana aurora
Greater Night Stalking Tiger Beetle (Omus dejeanii)
Zacotus matthewsii

The hawks hunt in a small clearing where the stream attracts other animals that come for a drink. There are other birds hidden too. Flycatchers nesting in rotting snags, Pileated Woodpeckers drilling after carpenter ants. And the owl.

The owl has been there for a long time. You can hear it calling in the night – “Who Cooks for You?” It was wonderful before there were too many houses. Now, it is harder and harder to hear the owl over the din of barking dogs. In the woods though, the owl has a baby.

I heard it calling the other day. Screeching is more like it. I heard the noise before saw them. The mother owl was watching me cautiously from high above. A snake dangled from her mouth. In spite of this, I heard her utter sounds of caution to her child. She flew over to feed it as I quietly backed out of the area. I did not want to disrupt them and when I walk, I try always to remember that I am entering the home of others. I walk quietly and respect their spaces.

Momma owl with snake

Today, when I walked back to the place of the owl, I heard the baby again. It was calling repeatedly, but mom was nowhere to be seen. Again, I backed away quietly, hoping the owl was able to find food for her little one. They must hunt through the day and not only at night in order to rear their offspring.

I thought of the owl as I walked back to the trailhead and then I momentarily became distracted as I reached the site where I’d been poking around in a raccoon carcass on the trail. There are some very cool bugs that you find in carrion. Unfortunately, the remains were not to be found.

Stepping off the trail to look in the underbrush for any sign of the carcass, I heard a flutter overhead. I looked up and she was there. It was the mother owl.

She landed on a branch right in front of me. I was too dumbfounded to move. We stayed like that for what seemed like a very long minute. She gazed at me and I watched her in turn, not daring to blink. There was no threat. I felt like she knew me.

The robins were not happy and began to flail at her, creating a cacophony of rebuke. She ignored them. I slowly brought my phone around and took a video of her. She just looked at me.

Then she looked around, gazing through the forest at things unseen. After about five minutes, she reoriented her body, turning away from me, surveying the surrounding area. With a glance back at me, she flew away.

This encounter is why saving spaces for WILDLIFE is so incredibly important to me. These places should belong to them. When we visit a preserve, remember that. It is their home.

I hope others will reflect on what I’ve shared, and maybe there will be one less person who lets their dog off leash or one less person who throws trash onto the forest floor. Think about the creatures that call these places home. Walk softly and be respectful of their need and struggle to survive in ever-shrinking spaces.

Thank you for reading. Support Conservation. Save Spaces for Nature.

Cutworm parasite

I’m doing a short write up of this fly just to get you thinking a bit.  It was observed April 29, 2024 on San Juan Island, WA. While identification to Genus/Species may not be possible until I can actually catch a specimen to be keyed out, it is Family Tachinidae and Tribe Goniini.   Hoping to come back with at least a Genus update at some point. 

What I want to SHARE is the life history of this tribe of flies.  The Goniini flies are parasites of various Lepidoptera, mostly Noctuids, Arctiids, and Lymantriids.  Translating this for you a bit, it would be cutworms (if you’re a gardener) , tiger moths, and tussock moths.  

How does this play out? 

The female Goniini fly lays a “black microtype,” usually ovate and flattened egg, varying in size from very small to medium, on foliage utilized by the feeding host caterpillar.  The caterpillar (usually Noctuids) munch the foliage, ingesting the fly egg.  The caterpillar will continue feeding and then wander off to complete its life cycle as a pupa. At some point after ingestion by the caterpillar, the fly egg hatches and the fly larva develops inside the body of the pupating moth that is inside its chrysalis.  

A myriad of ecological relationships exist in nature that are often unobserved. Many remain undescribed or unknown. Sometimes, they are disrupted by humans who intervene out of ignorance. If you’re one of those folks who squish what you believe are cutworm pupae in your garden bed, you might be smooshing the pest predator developing inside.

Noctuid moth pupa

References

  1. No Author. 2024. Tachinidae. Spencer Entomological Collection. Beaty Biodiversity Museum. https://www.zoology.ubc.ca/entomology/main/Diptera/Tachinidae/
  2. Wood, D. M. 2013. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Tachinidae Resources. https://www.uoguelph.ca/nadsfly/Tach/Nearctic/Manual/Manualhome.html
  3. Cole. Frank, R. 1969. The Flies of Western North America. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA.

Mauled by Dogs

I thought writing out my feelings might help a bit with the deep reactiveness I am feeling in response to the terrible news I received yesterday about a very dear friend. The details? My friend is going to be 94 in October. I’ve known her now for almost 20 years. She was my walking buddy in Texas. She LOVES to walk and be out in nature.

A few days ago, my friend was severely injured when two dogs mauled her while she was out on a walk. The details I have received were the dogs were a pitbull and a great dane. They knocked her to the ground, inflicted many bite injuries. She has multiple lacerations, including her scalp. She has a broken nose, suffered a brain bleed, and has what is known as a “crush” break of her leg. To give you a bit of perspective, aside from her advanced age, she weighs only 90 lbs.

People came to her aid. She is hospitalized. If she doesn’t end up with serious infections, she faces a long road of rehabilitation. I am praying for her and I haven’t prayed in a long time.

Let’s talk about the dogs and what I know about them. One was deemed “friendly” and had never been a problem before until in the company of the other dog. Dog behavior isn’t always predictable. Unfortunately many dog owners are clueless about this. The dog owner was cited, but as of today, those dogs are still alive. I was told by the local law enforcement that there is a “process.”

The very sad fact is this is the 2nd dog attack my friend has had in the past 3 years. In January, 2021, my friend was attacked while out walking when a boxer/pit mix got away from its owners and charged her, biting her on her knee. Again, when you are in your 90’s and only weigh 90 lbs, your legs are tiny, skin is thin, and healing is slow.

Backing up a bit to my days of going out walking with my friend. We would walk regularly at a nature preserve in Texas. For us, this was the only nature preserve in a 20-mile radius and unfortunately, it quickly became overused….by dog owners. I had to carry a big stick because of all the off-leash dogs. One sad memory in particular sticks in my head. That was the morning I passed a group of laughing men who were entertained because their off-leash dogs had “tree’d” baby bobcat kittens. I can’t imagine the horror of the bobcats, but I left with lump in my stomach at how I really have come to detest many humans, and irresponsible dog owners.

I do remember complaining to the parks department that managed the nature preserve. When I asked why they even bothered calling it a “nature” preserve, the response was, “we have to meet the recreational needs of our residents.” Never mind, the sheer presence of all those dogs, leashed or unleashed, directly impacted the wildlife. The bobcats left, the coyotes left, the road runners left. It’s now a wasteland of dog feces and not much else. Even the stream is littered with dog waste bags. Why bother to pick it up if you’re just going to leave it to contaminate the streams that used to have fish, turtles, and other aquatic life. Don’t want to pick it up, but fall into the category of kicking the poo off in the weeds? Well, then you are directly contributing to the contamination of a natural area with bacteria, and all sorts of other pathogenic matter. Not to mention, it is just really gross.

I’ve come to the place where I don’t really believe dogs (or cats) should be outside of their owners’ living space. Certainly, they don’t belong at all in nature preserves, wildlife areas, and most definitely not in restaurants or other public places where they may encounter strange sights, noises, smells, or interact with unfamiliar dogs and become defensive or reactive. Non-dog owners have a right to safely visit a playground with their child, walk in a park, nature area, or visit a public event without risking being mauled by someone’s dog.

You may disagree with me and that’s your choice. I’m not completely anti-dog. I know there are some great ones out there and definitely there are responsible dog owners, but there are others like me who just don’t want to swoon over your pup. If you pass me walking in a nature area and you are walking a dog, please respect my space. I am tolerant of leashed dogs that don’t run up and jump on me. My experiences with dogs haven’t been great. In fact, most of mine have been awful. I am sick with worry about my friend. Don’t try to tell me it isn’t the dogs’ fault. Don’t jump to the defense of the dogs. Ultimately the dog owner is the responsible party, but keeping dangerous dogs alive is not the answer. We can’t SAVE all dogs. I hope the dog owner is charged with assault. Owning a dog is a huge responsibility. If you own a large breed dog you can’t control, it is just as dangerous as owning a gun. Dogs are far more unpredictable than wildlife. They have great potential to cause serious injuries to humans, including killing them.

References

J Gilchrist, MD, Div of Unintentional Injury Prevention; K Gotsch, MPH, JL Annest, PhD, G Ryan, PhD, Office of Statistics and Programming, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5226a1.htm

Tuckel PS, Milczarski W. The changing epidemiology of dog bite injuries in the United States, 2005-2018. Inj Epidemiol. 2020 Nov 1;7(1):57. doi: 10.1186/s40621-020-00281-y. PMID: 33129353; PMCID: PMC7603431.

Insurance Information Institute https://www.iii.org/article/spotlight-on-dog-bite-liability

Louse in the House

Hmmm, I was trying to think of a catchy title. “Louse in the House” made you look, right? Well, indeed one did escape and I can’t find it. Would you like to come over for dinner tonight? I thought I saw it flying around the dining room.

Here’s how it happened. Yesterday afternoon, a bird hit the window. It was a hard strike on a window where we haven’t had many bird collisions. I suppose I’ll have to make more Acopian Bird Blinds to put up. They’ve sure help mitigate the bird strikes. Link to DIY instructions here: https://www.birdsavers.com/make-your-own/

Back to the bird. I went out to see if the poor bird was still alive. It was, but died in my hands soon after I picked it up and carried it into the house to assess for injuries. I took the bird into the bathroom so I could shut out my ever-curious indoor cats, Herman and Nimbus. After realizing I was holding a lifeless body, I set the bird down in the bathtub. Right away, I noticed a fly crawling through the bird’s feathers. Hurriedly, I left the bathroom, grabbed my camera, and went back to examine my specimen more closely.

Hippoboscid Fly (Icosta americana)

As I bent over to look through the feathers, a fly zoomed up and nearly entered my nostril. I backed away, rubbing my nose. Wouldn’t be my first strange experience with a fly. There was that incident with the botfly that could have been a medical ophthalmological emergency. Don’t ask. You truly don’t want to know.

Leaning back over the tub, I started to look through the feathers again, but thought better. I went out of the bathroom again. This time to retrieve a large plastic bag and a collection vial for specimens. The bird went into the clear plastic bag. Now, I could look while containing the flies in the bag if there were others to be found.

I found two more.

These are Louse Flies in the family Hippoboscidae. The ID for this particular species is Icosta americana. Also, my husband identified the bird as a juvenile Brown Headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater). Strangely, this species is known to be chiefly associated with the bird families Accipitridae (birds of prey – hawks), Phasianidae (pheasants), and Strigidae (owls). So, why might it be on a cowbird? The bizarre exception. Maybe the cowbird parents laid their egg in the nest of one of the above? I suppose it will be a mystery.

Hippoboscid louse flies are pretty interesting. First off, don’t they look weird? Trust me when I tell you they are one of the most bizarre families of flies out there. They are obligate ectoparasites that feed on the blood of their host, nothing else. Unlike other fly groups, both male and female flies in this family feed exclusively on blood.

There are more than 200 species of Hippoboscid flies, and each species is particular about what sort of host it feeds on. Some feed on sheep, some on deer, others on bats, but the ones I found feed on birds. In fact, approximately 75% of species of Hippoboscid flies are bird parasites. Of these 75%, some are so picky, they only prefer a particular species of bird.

Another interesting thing about these flies is the fact they vector diseases like Avian Malaria, West Nile virus, and various Trypanosomes among the host species they parasitize. Unlike some other Hippoboscid species which have deciduous wings (wings that are quickly lost when reaching a host), the ones that parasitize birds can fly during their entire adult life. This means if their host dies, like my bird that hit the window, the flies are able to leave the bird’s body and fly off to parasitize another bird host.

While one fly may have attempted to target my nose, these flies are not known to parasitize humans, although incidental bites have been recorded. Some species of female Hippoboscid flies are actually known to only be able to develop their eggs from the blood of their particular host species.

While on a host, Hippoboscid flies move about with ease. They have bodies that are dorso-ventrally flattened, somewhat like an unfed tick body or a squished bug body. In fact, the Hippoboscid flies that parasitize deer are often mistaken for ticks. Because of the flattened body, sometimes these flies are referred to as flat flies. This shape makes it easy for them to glide between fur or feathers, and it also makes it hard for the host to groom them off.

The most remarkable thing about Hippoboscid flies is their reproductive biology. It is known by the term, Adenotrophic viviparity. Adenotrophic viviparity is where eggs hatch inside the female, and the larvae are fed internally until they are mature enough to pupate. In layman lingo, the female fly gives birth to a single live larva just as it is ready to pupate. She has invested all her resources into producing a single offspring.

This is unique as most fly species cast eggs onto a substrate and the eggs hatch into larvae, feed independently of the parent, pupate, and emerge as adults. With Hippoboscid flies, the female parent retains the single egg inside her uterus, the egg hatches into a larva, and she feeds it with special milk glands until the larva reaches the last stage of larval development or “prepuparium.” Finally, the adult fly “births” her offspring larva enclosed in a shell that quickly hardens into a true pupa. With Hippoboscid species that parasitize birds, the adult fly will leave her pupa in a bird’s nest or roosting site where it can easily find a host when emerges as an adult. For more on the life cycle of Hippoboscidae, you can view one of my YouTube videos here – https://youtu.be/zCD1B2GjCxU


*** In case you’re sitting here scratching your head and I wasn’t clear in the text, ALL of the collective names for Hippoboscid Flies include the following: Flat Fly, Louse Fly, Ked Fly, or just plain ole Ked. And yes, they ARE known to have a painful bite!

References and Further Reading

Coatney, G. R. (1931). On the Biology of the Pigeon Fly, Pseudolynchia maura Bigot (Diptera, Hippoboscidae). Parasitology, 23(04), 525.

Dick, C.W. 2006. Checklist of world Hippoboscidae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea); Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History: Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 1–7.

Levesque-Beaudin, V. Sinclair, B.J. 2021. Louse fly (Diptera, Hippoboscidae) associations with raptors in southern Canada, with new North American and European records. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife,
16: 168-174. ISSN 2213-2244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.09.007

Maa, T. C. 1969. a Revised Checklist & Concise Host Index of Hippoboscidae (Diptera). Pacific Insects Monog., Honolulu: Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. 20: 261–299. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/fiji/pdf/maa1969b.pdf

Santolíková,A.;Brzonˇová, J.;Cˇepicˇka,I.;Svobodová,M. 2022. Avian Louse Flies and Their Trypanosomes: New Vectors, New Lineages and Host–Parasite Associations. Microorganisms. 10, 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ microorganisms10030584

Small RW. 2005. A review of Melophagus ovinus (L.), the sheep ked. Vet Parasitol. 130(1–2):141–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.03.005 PMID: 15893081

Walker, Meredith Swett 2015. Behold the Hippoboscidae: Bizarre Biting Flies that Give Live Birth! Entomology Today. https://entomologytoday.org/2015/05/18/hippoboscidae-flies-live-birth/

National Moth Week 2023, Day 2

I’m finding it somewhat laborious to sort moths. The part I enjoy most is actually looking at what has visited my light during the night when I get up early in the morning. The aggravation comes with our very SLOW internet speed. Definitely do NOT expect great internet if you’re considering moving to San Juan Island. It’s been awful for the almost-fourteen years I’ve lived here and one time it was out altogether for almost 3 weeks!

I finally finished labeling all of my photos and have them uploaded. If my count is right, I have about 20 different species today, but as I mentioned in my earlier post, I won’t necessarily have all of them identified to species. Some I’ve only been able to ID to tribe or subfamily, others to genus, but a few were easy enough to manage a species ID for. If anyone finds a mistake, kindly point it out and I will make the necessary corrections. There were lots of micro moths this morning and those are tough for me. But they are fascinating. Some look like bird poop. You’d never see them, they are disguised so well in nature.

If you’re interested in participating in National Moth Week, it’s not too late. Check out their website here – https://nationalmothweek.org

Here’s my gallery. Enjoy!


Sulfur moth (Hesperumia sulfuraria)
Sulphur Moth (Hesperumia sulphuraria)
Knot horn moths (Subfamily Phycitinae)
Eucosmini tribe
Gray Spruce Looper Moth (Caripeta divisata)
Pale-marked Angle (Macaria signaria)
Crambidae, subfamily Scopariinae (Moss-eating Crambid Snout moths)
Pale-marked Angle (Macaria signaria)
Tribe Archipini
Eudonia echo, a member of Moss-eating Crambid Snout Moths Subfamily Scopariinae
Genus Glyphipterix
Genus Glyphipterix
Gray Spruce Looper Moth (Caripeta divisata)
Perhaps the Dotted Shade (Eana osseana)
Pero mizon
Eudonia echo
Tribe Phycitini
Genus Ephestiodes
Gray Scoopwing (Calizzia amorata)
Tribe Archipini
Clepsis
Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella)
Clepsis, a Tortricidae moth
Tribe Litini
Dusky Raisin Moth (Ephestiods gilvescentella)
Horned Spanworm Moth (Nematocampa resistaria)
Unknown – perhaps Ennonominae
Oblique-banded Leafroller Moth (Choristoneura rosaceana)
Ceratodalia guenea (Guenee’s Carpet Moth)
Maple Leaftier moth (Ascleris foreskaleana)
Stamnoctenis pearsalli
Crambidae (subfamily Scopariinae)
Sulfur moth (Hesperumia sulfuraria)
Western Tent moth (Malocosoma californicum pluviale)

Bug Bucket Wednesday

Eyed Sphinx Moth (Smerinthus ophthalmica)

Leading up to the Twelfth Annual National Moth Week, July 22-30, 2023 https://nationalmothweek.org, I am getting into moth mode with some early collecting to see what is flying about the forest near our home at night.

My first attempts at this were quite unsatisfying, save for the two awesome beetles that came to visit. The bug station I set up just wasn’t yielding much in the way of moths, at least until I discovered my station had been discovered by some thieving yellow jackets who were picking off my moths right in front of my eyes. Something had to change. I sure didn’t want to lure in these beautiful creatures to become a breakfast buffet.


I got some very helpful advice from a friend named Carl. Carl is an expert moth-er, and he recommended putting some egg cartons in my bug bucket so they would have a place to hide. I tried this last night, adding two egg cartons and some pieces of cardboard. Then, I went to hang my bucket up and turn on the light – EXCEPT, those darn yellow jackets showed up at 9 pm. They must have excellent memory. I suppose they wanted to be first in line at the moth buffet.


I moved my bug bucket and light to another location. It was a success. Here is the assortment of moths I collected last night. All were handled with gentle care and photographed. Afterwards, I moved them to hiding spots in the forest to make them less susceptible to predation.

Gallery Below

If you’re interested in participating locally in National Moth Week, please don’t hesitate to reach out for more information. You can find me via email at cynthiabrast@icloud.com or on Facebook at Bugs of the San Juan Islands – a private group, but easy to join by answering a couple of questions and agreeing to follow the group rules to prove you aren’t a spammer and won’t be disruptive. 😉

Thanks for viewing!

Hemipenthes morioides, a bee fly

Two weeks ago, I stopped by the San Juan County Conservation Land Bank’s office to take a look at the newly transformed “lawn-to-meadow” native plant garden. This sample meadow is an effort coordinated by Land Steward, Eliza Habagger, as part of The Salish Seeds Project (https://sjclandbank.org/the-salish-seeds-project-bringing-back-island-wildflowers/).  I was astonished at how quickly (seemingly overnight), the wildflowers planted in this small space bloomed.  Aside from being much more appealing than grass, this new wildflower meadow is hosting an assortment of pollinators.  

Hemipenthes sp. Bee Fly (Bombyliidae) at San Juan County Land Bank demonstration meadow – May 18, 2023

Here’s a species of fly I saw that, at first-glance, looks a lot like a biting deer fly.    It is actually a type of Bee Fly in the family Bombyliidae with no common name.  Its Latin genus name is Hemipenthes, and this one keys out to Hemipenthes morioides

Hemipenthes means ‘half-veiled in black’ and refers to the wing pattern seen in this group.  I used a key by Ávalos-Hernández (2009) to work out my identification and consulted with another fly specialist who agreed.  In the video clip of the fly, it looks to be ovipositing in the sand, indicating my specimen is female.  I’ll come back to this in a bit.

I believe this is Hemipenthes morioides, a Bee Fly – May 18, 2023, San Juan County Land Bank Native Plant Garden

Literature describes Hemipenthes morioides flies as hyperparasites (a parasite of a parasite) of the larvae of parasitic flies (Diptera, Tachinidae), as well as parasitic wasp larvae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae).  Brooks (1952) cited this species as a predator of the tachinid fly Bessa harveyi, which is a parasite of the sawfly Pristiphora sp. (Hull, 1973).  H. morioides has been collected mainly in the western states of the USA (Ávalos-Hernández (2009). They also are known to parasitize caterpillars of moths in the family Noctuidae (Bugguide.net 2020).   Preferred habitats are forest edges and meadows.  

Of course, this leads me to ask all sorts of questions about how exactly this process of hyperparasitism takes place, especially with regard to being parasites of Tachinid flies.  That’s because most parasitic tachinid flies lay eggs directly onto their host’s body. How would the Hemipenthes fly eggs, laid in sandy substrate, get into a Tachinid fly egg laid onto another host?

Do Hemipenthes fly eggs laid into soil hatch, and then migrate through the soil to find an about-to-pupate or already pupating host?  As to finding literature specific to Hemipenthes morioides with detailed descriptions about this process in the wild, I wasn’t successful.  It seems to be such a complex relationship that chances of observing this happening in a natural setting are slim.  For now, I’ll just have to be satisfied with knowing the taxonomy.  The rest may remain a mystery…🤔


Except I like to solve mysteries, or try to at least!  I reversed direction (taxonomically) in my literature search to see what studies are published around the Family (Bombyliidae).   In The Evolutionary Pattern of Host Use in the Bombyliidae (Diptera): a diverse family of parasitoid flies by David K. Yeates and David Greathead (1997), I discovered the “ovipositing” I observed is something entirely different.  This female Hemipenthes fly was filling her “sand chamber” or “psammophore,” a ventral abdominal pocket into which the eggs are laid, and a feature unique to “higher” Bombyliidae (Yeates & Greathead, 1997; Calderwood, 2007). 

Further, Calderwood (2007) comments in Bugguide.net, “It is said that eggs are coated with sand in the chamber to fascilitate release later. I (Calderwood) think that, given the relative size of sand grains and Bombyliid eggs, the reverse is true: the tiny eggs coat sand grains in the chamber, which are heavy and easier to toss with accuracy, kind of like sticking a piece of gum to a baseball. Ovipositing looks like little aerial dipping movements accompanied by flicks of the keester. Eggs are thrown through the air.”  I agree with Calderwood’s statement, and how fascinating this behavior is!  


Two weeks later, I’m still threading through a stack of literature about Bee flies Bombyliidae.  I’ve discovered that almost all Bombyliidae bee flies (including this Hemipenthes fly) go through what is called hypermetamorphosis.  Those eggs, which were flung through the air onto vegetation or the soil substrate will hatch into what is known as a first instar planidium.  This is the form of the fly that must search to find a suitable host for development (Yeates & Greathead, 1997).  

The planidium morphology is such that it is adapted for mobility/locomotion, host-finding, and attachment.  It has an elongate body with two long setae and fleshy pseudopods at the end of its abdomen.  There are also a pair of elongate setae on each thoracic segment (Du Merle, 1972).    Examples of hypermetamorphosis and this mobile, first-instar form of larvae include quite a few other groups of insects.  One example being the one between Strepsipteran larvae (known as triungulins) and Blister Beetles (Meloidae).

I’ll leave you with a nudge to pick up the Yeates and Greathead (1997) paper.   It’s really pretty fascinating.  Complex?Yes. Studying nature is one of the most intriguing topics you can delve into. There are many intricate pieces all woven together.  Yeates and Greathead describe the chance observations of the process of development in Bombyliidae by scientists as serendipitous.  I think it’s quite serendipitous that these tiny, first instar larvae ever find a host in the first place.   More on Hemipenthes flies below.

Thanks for reading!

Taxonomy (bugguide.net, 2020)  

Family: Bombyliidae (Bee Flies)

Subfamily: Anthracinae

Tribe: Villini

Genus: Hemipenthes

Species: Hemipenthes morioides

Identification (bugguide.net, 2020)

Head: Round; dark brown to black. 

Male and female: identical, eyes of female only slightly wider, barely discernable.

Antenna: Black, very short.

Thorax: Dark brown to black with rust hairs across shoulders; sometimes thorax is bald. Thorax sides may have some yellowish hairs which do not form a definite line.

Wings: Dark brown, covering about 2/3rds of the wing, lower dark margin step-like. The dark extends to the inner margin or anal cell. Three sets of cross veins have a light mark on each side of the vein, called aureoles. One near base, one about mid-wing, and another small one below (or R4 + R5, M2 and CUP). 

Legs: Dark brown with a row of spines on front shin (tibiae). Feet lighter. 

Abdomen: Dark brown to black with small to large yellowish spots across each segment and a yellowish line across lower margin. Dark fringe mixed intermittently with some white on side edges of abdomen.

Habitat 

Forest edges and meadows.

Season 

All season in southern U.S. Late May to August in the north.

Distribution 

Canada (British Columbia), USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming), Ávalos-Hernández (2009). 

References and Further Reading 

Ávalos-Hernández, Omar. (2009). A Review Of The North American Species Of Hemipenthes Loew, 1869 (Diptera: Bombyliidae). Zootaxa. 2074. 1-49. 10.5281/zenodo.187152.

Brooks, A.R. (1952) Identification of bombyliid parasites and hyperparasites of Phalaenidae of the prairie province of Canada, with descriptions of six other bombyliid pupae (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist, 84, 357–373. 

Bugguide.net. 2023. Hemipenthes morioides. https://bugguide.net/node/view/365221

Dipterists Society. Main Parts of a Fly (Fly Morphology) – https://dipterists.org.uk/morphology

Du Merle, P.  1972.  Morphologie de la Larve Planidium d’Un Diptère Bombyliidae, Villa Brunnea,Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.), 8:4, 915-950, DOI: 10.1080/21686351.1972.12278123https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/21686351.1972.12278123?needAccess=true&role=button

Finlayson, L.R. & Finlayson, T. 1958. Parasitism of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) 

(Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), in southwestern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist, 90, 223–225.

Hull, Frank M. 1973. The bee flies of the world. The genera of the family Bombyliidae Bulletin – United States National Museum (no. 286 1973). Smithsonian Institution Press. Retrieved from https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/beefliesofworl2861973hull

Yeates, D. K., & Greathead, D. 1997. The evolutionary pattern of host use in the Bombyliidae (Diptera): a diverse family of parasitoid flies. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society60(2), 149-185.

Hidden Daggers

Spring has arrived and with it comes beautiful daffodils popping up across the landscape, but also pollen, windy days, and those dreaded allergies many of us suffer from. I’ll bet as you’re reading, you’re might visualize little pollen grains as daggers that blow up our noses and make us sneeze! Personally, when I visualize pollen grains, I picture them as the equivalent of microscopic land mines. Even though pollen grains can be quite unique when viewed under a microscope and cause quite SHARP “achoo’s” into that handkerchief, there’s another DAGGER you’ll have to go search for in those daffodils.


Rhamphomyia fly - Dagger Fly on Daffodil
Rhamphomyia fly – Dagger Fly on Daffodil

When I first saw this bug and took some photos with my phone, I didn’t realize that EXTRA leg was not a leg at all, but a beak of sorts. More close up photos yielded some images of this particular specimen that reminded me of the sinister hood worn by doctors during the Plague that looks like a giant bird beak.

This BUG I found in the daffodils with the strange “beak” or proboscis, a scientific term for an appendage-like mouthpart of an organism, is a type a fly. The common or vernacular moniker being Dagger Fly.

Rhamphomyia fly - Dagger Fly on Daffodil
Rhamphomyia fly – Dagger Fly on Daffodil

From here, I’ll take you through my process of determining the fly’s classification. First off, to understand it is a FLY, you must look at the number of wings. Flies are taxonomically categorized into the insect order Diptera. Di=two and ptera = wings. Two wings or one pair of wings = FLY. Now the Flies or Diptera are an enormously diverse and large group of organisms. Fly classification or taxonomy is one of the hardest groups I’ve ever worked through and in my rudimentary assessment, I managed to identify my specimen as far as the Family Empididae or the Dance flies. This fly wasn’t exactly “dancing” though. It was poking its beak around in the daffodil, and there were several of them in one flower – all doing exactly the same thing.

Rhamphomyia flies – https://bugguide.net/node/view/8957

At this point, I turned to the fly group I belong to on a popular social media site. I posted my photos with date/location/and my suggested family (Empidiae), then asked if someone could help me with further classification. About two days later, I checked back. The suggestion in the comments was for Genus Rhamphomyia. It would be particularly challenging to identify this particular fly to species. Bugguide.net cites Arnett’s American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico, stating there are over 400 undescribed species in our area with 450 undescribed worldwide.


While Genus Rhamphomyia falls under the Empididae or dance flies, Rhamphomyia translates from Greek rampho ‘beak’ + plus myia ‘fly.’ Beak flies they are indeed!

Dagger Fly (Rhamphomyia sp.)

Delving past the taxonomical classification of the genus I discovered some interesting bits of information involving mating behaviors. Like other groups of flying insects, males and females will often form swarms of groups, sometimes referred to as leks. In the Rhamphomyia, these groups can be either all male or all female (a reversed-role lek) or mixed.

If the group is single sexed, it may be the opposite sex does not form a group, but rather enters the single sex group to select a mate. There may also be a group of females and a nearby group of males and individuals from each group will leave and mix with the opposite sex group to choose a mate. Different species of this genus may swarm at different times of the day. Some species may spend the entire day swarming, while others only a select time such as right before dusk or early morning. Swarm locations are selected around some sort of visual marker or landmark which may range from very specific ( a particular branch or limb overhanging a pond) or quite general (the southern slope of a hillside adjacent to a stream or a farm field).

The most intriguing behavior is the habit of male flies to collect and bring nuptial gifts to a female. Alcock (2016), describes this fascinating ritual where female flies gather in swarms low over open woodlands, high in treetops, or over grassy hayfields in early morning or late evening. The swarms lasted 1-2 hours each with female Rhamphomyia flies holding their highly ornamented legs wrapped around their abdomens. In these swarming female groups, males enter and gift their selected female a small insect for her to consume. Examples of tiny insects selected for nuptial gifts include drosophila flies, small syrphid flies, or tiny caddisflies (Alcock 2016). Kuiter, Findlater-Smith, and Lindhe (2017) recorded nuptial gifts to include “fungus-gnats (Myctophylidae), crane flies (Tipulidae), other Empididae flies, and occasionally small moths (Lepidoptera). ”


Reading a bit more led me to Funk and Tallamy (2000) who describe the plight of the female Dagger fly. She is unable to hunt for prey and wholly dependent on these nuptial gifts of protein necessary for development of her offspring. In the swarming leks, she seeks these nuptial gifts from male suitors in exchange for copulation.

While I didn’t witness the formation of swarming leks of these flies, I did find some handsome daggers hanging out in the daffodils. I kept reading and found they can use their beaks not only to pierce small insects, but also to pierce and extract nectar from flowers. As they feed, pollen collected on their bodies may be distributed to other flowers (Sezen 2015).

Rhamphomyia Dagger Fly on Daffodil

Probably the grand finale in my literature search yielded the paper written by Kuiter, Findlater-Smith, and Lindhe (2017) titled Pollination of the Bearded Greenhoods (Orchidaceae) by Dagger Flies (Diptera: Empididae). They describe a unique relationship between the orchid and another species of Dagger Fly. Located in Victoria,Australia, the authors document the case of mistaken identity – the male dagger fly is lured to the orchid by both chemical and physical attributes mimicking the female fly’s sex pheromones and her morphology.

While daffodils aren’t the orchid described by Kuiter et al, (2017), I considered their observations to offer one possible reason the flies I found could become so awkwardly stuck. Kuiter et al. (2017) suggest the flies observed bringing nuptial gifts to the Bearded Greenhood orchid (Pterostylis plumosa) are attracted by the orchids’ kairomones which mimic the Empididae female flies’ sex pheromones. In the case of this particular orchid, the hairy labellum inside the flower head acts as a visual cue, arousing the male who mistakes it for the hairy legs of a female Empididae fly (Kuiter et al, 2017). They believe the bearded orchids may have evolved the hairy labellum for holding the nuptial gift of the male fly just as females of the fly species have hairy legs for receiving the nuptial gift – a very species-specific relationship ensuring the orchid is pollinated.

I believe this relationship provides a possible explanation (at least for me) as to why I found deceased flies stuck within the filaments and stamen inside several daffodil flowers. I actually found four flowers with stuck flies, so it seemed more than merely coincidence. Is it remotely possible the species of male Dagger fly I found mistakes parts inside the daffodil flower for a female fly and cannot extricate himself from the situation? Mistaken identity? Or, did he merely shelter there in the cool of the night and expire in slumber? https://nossaorg.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/finalbeardedgreenhoodpollinatorlrs.pdf

Rhamphomyia Dagger Fly in Daffodil
Rhamphomyia Dagger Fly in Daffodil

I’ll end with a note of my own. Many of these relationships between plants and pollinators are highly complex, understudied, and/or, as in this group of flies, un-described. Many species of plants and animals, including and especially pollinators, are under immediate threat due to climate change, habitat loss, and land use changes. You can help by minimizing your impact and changing long-held habits. Avoid clearing around your property, try the “no-mow” approach. We mow only trails and leave the rest. Plant native plants, leave brush piles instead of making burn piles, build a smaller home, be a smart consumer. We are altering systems that enable our own survival. Get outdoors and learn about the diverse life that shares your space. Check out the iNaturalist app and see what you can record in your own backyard. These unseen living critters around us are unique, intriguing, and worth saving!

Thanks for reading!


View more photos in my Dagger fly gallery here:


Vocabulary

Leks – aggregation of (male) animals gathered to engage in competitive displays and courtship rituals, known as lekking.

Kairomone – allelochemicals where the chemical signals are favorable to the organism that receives the signal. A familiar example is the lactic acid component of human sweat that attracts the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Augustin, 2016).

Morphology -the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.

Pheromone – semiochemicals that influence the physiology or behavior of members of the same species. They include sex attractants, alarm substances, aggregation pheromones and trail markings (Augustine, 2016).

Proboscis– tubular feeding and sucking organ of certain invertebrates such as insects.


References and Further Reading

Alcock, J. The Mating Behavior of an Undescribed Species of Rhamphomyia (Diptera: Empididae). J Insect Behav 29, 153–161 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-016-9545-5

Augustine, T.J. 2016. Kairomones. Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) https://www.omri.org/kairomones

Bugguide.net. 2003-2023. Genus Ramphomyia. https://bugguide.net/node/view/8957

Kuiter, R., Findlater-Smith, M.J., and Lindhe,R.E. 2017. Pollination of the Bearded Greenhoods (Orchidaceae) by Dagger Flies (Diptera: Empididae). Aquatic Photographics. Short Paper 1. https://nossaorg.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/finalbeardedgreenhoodpollinatorlrs.pdf

Funk, D. H., & Tallamy, D. W. (2000). Courtship role reversal and deceptive signals in the long-tailed dance fly, Rhamphomyia longicauda. Animal Behaviour, 59(2), 411–421. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1310
10.1006/anbe.1999.1310

Mischenko, M. and Frostic,M. 2009. Scanning Electron Microscope Still Image of Pollen Particles. Scientific Visualization Studio. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10394

Sezen, U. 2015. Common Mallow Pollinated By Dagger Fly. Nature Documentaries. http://naturedocumentaries.org/10098/common-mallow-pollinated-dagger-fly/

Oreas Anglewing (Polygonia oreas)

I posted a few images last week to my iNaturalist page to see if I could get help from some experts in the butterfly community to ID this Polygonia butterfly past genus. It sparked a lively amount of conversation and I finally received a comment in the thread from West Seattle-based nature guide, ecological consultant and botanist, Stewart Wechsler, stating, “@cyndibrast Looks like you have the first confirmed Polygonia oreas iNaturalist observation for the San Juan Islands!” I would also throw out that the first person to correctly speculate the ID for this is my friend, lepidopterist David Droppers, who suggested I post in a wider audience to see what feedback I might receive.

Cool! So, I have the first Oreas Anglewing iNat. Sighting for San Juan County. 😀

Polygonia oreas – March 29, 2023, San Juan County, WA

Have there been others? Probably. Not everyone is using iNaturalist, so some sightings may not be on the radar for other bug enthusiasts. I like it to keep all my bug sightings organized and categorized and all that stuff and using iNaturalist makes it easy to find things when I want to go back to reference one. If you don’t have the iNat. app, give it a try. It makes your outdoor experiences a lot more interesting in a nerdy, scientific way. You can be a naturalist on your hike. It’s fun!

Here’s a bit of information about this interesting butterfly, now officially recorded on San Juan Island. Links to sources included below.

Oreas Anglewing (Polygonia oreas)

*From (C. LaBar 2013) and (Björklund, N.H. 2018-2022)*

SIZE: Wingspan of 40 to 50 mm (up to 2 inches)

Key ID Features: Above orange with black blotches and spots, often with very jagged wing edges, submarginal row of yellow chevrons and brown to black marginal band. HW above has yellow patches adjacent to dark marginal band. Below dark gray to black, with lighter gray striations, and prominent white flattened “v” (pointed at the bottom, often looking like a gull in flight) with no hooks in center of HW.


Similar species: Darker below than other comma species, white “v” mark on HW below lacks barbs. Other comma species either have stronger green submarginal shading below or the “comma” mark on HW below is curved (not a pointed “v”) or barbed or both.


Male: rusty orange and gold with black spots, dark brown wing margin with row of bright yellow spots. Ventral is variegated in contrasting shades of dark brown and black. White comma on VHW.


Female: slightly lighter dorsal and ventral colors and less-distinct ventral mottling.


Egg: green.


Larva: first two instars are brown and pale beige with black hairs and spines. Last three instars are mostly black with thin, white or yellowish bands around each segment and covered with rows of yellow-orange spines.


Pupa: mottled reddish brown, white and gray, with three pairs of silver spots.


Larval hostplants:  currants (Ribes), primarily swamp currant (R. viscosissimum), also including R. divericatum (straggly gooseberry), and R. lacustre (swamp gooseberry).


Habitat: Forest fringes, especially in older stands, riparian areas and ravines, subalpine meadows.


Range: Coast Range, Willamette Valley, Western Cascades, east slope of Cascades, Wallowa Mtns, Blue Mtns.

Season: Late February to mid-September

Abundance: Uncommon

Conservation Status: Secure

References and Further Reading

1. Bugguide.net. Polygonia oreas. https://bugguide.net/node/view/25041
2. Björklund, N.H. 2018-2022. Butterflies of Oregon. Oreas comma. https://www.butterfliesoforegon.com/polygonia-oreas

3. Brast, C. 2015-2023. iNaturalist Profile and recorded sightings https://www.inaturalist.org/people/cyndibrast
4. LaBar, C. , 2018. Northwest Butterflies. http://northwestbutterflies.blogspot.com/2018/03/species-profile-polygonia-anglewings.html and https://northwestbutterflies.com

5. Nicholson, M. 2013. Into the woods with Stewart Wechsler. Westside Seattle. https://www.westsideseattle.com/west-seattle-herald/2013/07/18/woods-stewart-wechsler

6 .Scott, J. A. 1984. A Review of Polygonia progne (oreas) and P. gracilis (zephyrus)(Nymphalidae), including a new Subspecies. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 23(3):197-210 https://web.archive.org/web/20220513003524id_/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/266758

7. Thompson, E. 2018. Naturalist taking inventory of Snohomish County butterflies
David Droppers, of Lynnwood, is documenting the species along popular Mountain Loop Highway trails. The Chat. https://www.heraldnet.com/life/naturalist-taking-inventory-of-snohomish-county-butterflies/

Ratta two-y

Dora the Explorer (April 2022)

My brother and I have been swapping rat stories over the past few weeks. The rat that lives in our attic I’ve named Dora the Explorer. Perhaps you’ve seen me post photos of her previously. She comes and goes and I believe she was actually in our attic last winter. Well, Dora was making a lot of noise up in our attic the other night. We can hear her since she’s usually right above our couch. In fact, there’s a little circular hole in the ceiling that I’m not exactly certain has a reason for being there. It’s quite likely Dora is peeking through that hole watching us watch TV. She also probably doesn’t dare come into our house since she can probably SMELL Nimbus and Evie, our two, very bored, always looking for something to get into, indoor cats.

Dora the Explorer October 2022

Dora is smart, but she should have known we would hear her making all that racket up above. Well, my husband decided Dora was having a party or something and might have invited her friends. We might be OK if it was just Dora living in the upstairs attic room, but her friends aren’t welcome. He got out the traps. Don’t ask. You really don’t want to know.

I had to toast a pecan. Just one for each trap. My husband says toasted pecans are irresistible to rats. How the heck he knows this is beyond me. I thought they liked peanut butter. Well, the traps (I believe there were two) went up into the attic. The next morning, he asked me if I heard anything. Nope. Not a thing. No rat racket and no SNAP. Next night, nothing. Not a sound. Hubby went up to check the trap. Pecans still there. No sign of anything. No more noise. Dora is smart. She did this exact same thing last year. We are on season two. Dora decided to move out. So, I suppose the traps do work – just not like we expected.

I’m sure you’re wondering about my brother’s rat saga. Well, he definitely has a BIGGER problem. His rat isn’t in the attic. It is LIVING INSIDE HIS HOUSE. That’s right. It is hiding in drawers, sleeping in coat sleeves, and running down the hall after being discovered by Sassy the dog. If you ask me, that’s part of his problem. He has a DOG. Everyone knows that cats are much better at guarding you from the things that count – like invading mice and rats! Cats are stealthy. They also don’t yap all night and keep you awake when a rat is raiding your cupboards.

My brother says he has live traps set all over the house. He also has those ultrasonic noise maker things that humans aren’t supposed to hear, but I SURE CAN hear them! My parents have one in their attic and whenever I go visit, I have to ask them to turn it off. They can’t hear it, but the noise it emits is worse than having a giant rat party going on if you ask me. Maybe this is why the rat in my brother’s house is afraid of going into the traps he has out. It’s afraid of being stuck inside that house forever – subjected to the never-ending din of the ultrasonic repellers.

I offered a few tips to my brother to help him catch the rat. Have you tried opening a window? “Nope, and the rat just runs out of the room under the interior door.” Hmmm, have you tried using the inside cardboard tube from a roll of wrapping paper with a sock over the end to catch it? “Nah, don’t got any of those around.” Have you got one of those lever lids that you put on a 5 -gallon bucket that work with a ramp and catch the rat? “Made a homemade version and the rat took the food and managed to climb down the ramp without going setting off the lever.”

Well, what about buying a very nice rat enclosure and setting up food, water, a hammock, and some sort of a hide, and inviting your rat to stay? He sure seems awfully smart. My brother agrees with this. He says anything as smart as this rat sure deserves to live. Maybe not in his house, but he isn’t going to put out the traps like we did.

I drew a photo to text to my brother today, and suggested a name for his rat buddy.

Meet Einstein!

Einstein the Rat

The End (or perhaps only the beginning)…

P.S. If you are living in the Austin/Georgetown/Round Rock area and are in need of automotive dentless paint repair (he does airplanes too), give my brother a ring. He can fix you up! https://www.stephenspdr.com/contact

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